Foundational cases on constitutional structure -- Enumerated powers -- Federalism limits on congressional power -- The executive power -- The separation of powers -- Slavery and the reconstruction amendments -- Expanding the scope of the due process clause -- Equal protection of the law : discrimination on the basis of race -- Equal protection of the law : sex discrimination and other types -- Modern substantive due process -- Freedom of speech -- The free exercise of religion -- No law respecting an establishment of religion -- The right to keep and bear arms -- Taking private property for public use.